New
Hampshire Upholds Citizens' Right To Make Sexual
Content (Such as Sex Films)
By Mark Kernes,
AVN Media Network
CONCORD, N.H.,
December 10, 2008- The New Hampshire Supreme Court ruled last
Thursday that a man who offered to pay two adults to have sex
while he videotaped the act is
not guilty of a crime.
Robert Theriault
was charged under New Hampshire Revised Statutes 645:2, which holds
that a person is guilty of a misdemeanor if that person "[p]ays,
agrees to pay, or offers to pay
another person to engage in sexual contact as
defined in RSA 632-A:1, IV or sexual
penetration as defined in RSA 632-A:1, V, with
the payor or with another person."
However, the
statute defines "sexual contact" as "the intentional touching
whether directly,
through clothing, or otherwise, of the victim's or actor's
sexual or intimate parts, including
breasts and buttocks. Sexual contact includes only that aforementioned conduct which can be
reasonably construed as being for the purpose of sexual arousal or gratification." The statute
also lists a
number of acts which constitute "sexual penetration," but as the Supreme Court
noted in
its opinion, issued Dec. 4, that portion of the statute "does not include the provision
'for the purpose of sexual arousal or gratification.'"
According to
court documents, Theriault "was employed as a court security
officer in Franklin
District Court. On December 5, 2005, he asked a young woman, C.H., and her boyfriend,
J.S., who were at the court paying fines, if they
needed employment. After informing them
that he could not discuss the job at the courthouse, he met them in a parking lot behind a
bank. The defendant
asked the couple if they wanted to make 'f... flicks.' The defendant
specified the
details: he would pay them fifty dollars per hour, he would rent a hotel room,
and
they would use temperature blankets and different condoms while the defendant
videotaped them having intercourse." (The reference to "temperature blankets" is
unclear,
although we note that the incident did take place in December in northern
New England,
where it gets pretty damned cold at that time of year.) (Of
course, the phrase may have been
misheard.)
Apparently, the
couple wasn't interested, and reported the offer to J.S.'s
mother, who in turn
reported the incident to a court official, who had Theriault
arrested on the prostitution charge.
Theriault
eventually went to trial on two prostitution charges,
including one in which he didn't
tell another couple he'd propositioned that he intended to
videotape them, and he was
convicted on that charge.
However, although
the trial court, in a separate proceeding, convicted Theriault
on the charge
involving C.H. and J.S., the Supreme Court reversed.
Theriault, who
was represented by two of the state's appellate defenders,
David M. Rothstein
and Paul Borchardt, had argued to the high court that the
prostitution statute was
"substantially overbroad because it could be applied to
criminalize constitutionally permissible
activities such as the production of a
non-obscene but sexually explicit movie." The court
rejected that overbreadth argument,
finding that it was not facially overbroad, but allowed
that it could be subject to
"as-applied" challenges, which Theriault's attorneys proceeded to
do.
"In this case,
however," the Court noted, "the State did not charge the
defendant with offering
to pay another to engage in 'sexual contact,' and there was
no evidence or allegation that the
defendant acted with 'the purpose of sexual arousal
or gratification.' In fact, at trial, the only
witness was C.H. She testified
that the defendant asked her and her boyfriend if they needed
employment, and if
they wanted to make videos. She testified that '[h]e said that he would
rent a
hotel room and he would be the only one recording, so we didn't feel uncomfortable.'
C.H. said that the defendant offered to pay them fifty dollars per hour, and she
specified:
'He's just going to pay us to make the video.' The trial court found that
the State 'proved
beyond a reasonable doubt, that [the defendant] offered to pay
[the couple] money, that is
$50 an hour, to engage in sexual penetration. That is, [J.S.]
would sexually penetrate [C.H.]
while [the defendant] videotaped them.'"
"The facts boil
down to the defendant offering to remunerate the couple to
have sexual
intercourse while being videotaped," the Court continued. "There
was no evidence or
allegation that the defendant solicited this activity for the
purpose of sexual arousal or
gratification as opposed to making a video. The State
did not charge the defendant under the
'sexual contact' portion of the statute and
therefore there was no finding by the trial court that
the defendant acted for the
purpose of sexual arousal or gratification. Thus, if the statute
constitutionally
prohibits the defendant's conduct, a request to pay two individuals to make a
sexually
explicit video would be unprotected under the free speech guarantees of the State
Constitution."
The Court then
proceeded to affirm the concept that making "motion pictures"
is a
constitutionally protected activity, noting however that,
as set forth in Miller v. California,
the state has a "legitimate interest in prohibiting
dissemination or exhibition of obscene material
when the mode of dissemination carries with
it a significant danger of offending the sensibilities
of unwilling recipients
or of exposure to juveniles," but that, as set forth in Ashcroft v. Free
Speech
Coalition, "As a general rule, pornography can be banned only if obscene."
"We must decide
to what extent the production of sexually explicit but
non-obscene videos is
constitutionally protected," the Court stated. "Although this
issue has not been widely decided
in other jurisdictions, those that have addressed it
are divided."
The Court then
referred to People v. Freeman, the decision which
established the right to
film sexually explicit content in California, and People v.
Kovner, a 1978 New York case
where that state's high court found that, "While First
Amendment considerations may protect
the dissemination of printed or photographic
material regardless of the manner in which it was
obtained, this protection will
not shield one against a prosecution for a crime committed
during the origination of the
act." In other words, while the end product may be legal, the acts
which give rise
to that product are not.
The New Hampshire
Supreme Court, however, found Kovner's logic to be
flawed.
"The reasoning in
Kovner is based upon a distinction that has never been
adopted by the
United States Supreme Court," the New Hampshire high court stated.
"The [U.S. Supreme]
Court has never held that for First Amendment purposes,
there is a distinction between
production and dissemination in regulating
pornography. Moreover, this distinction is illogical.
It would mean that sale,
distribution and viewing of a non-obscene movie is constitutionally
protected while
production of the same movie is not. Instead, to regulate the production and
dissemination
of sexually explicit films, the Court has established certain categories that are
simply outside First Amendment protection." The New Hampshire court referenced the U.S.
Supreme Court's rulings in New York v. Ferber (child
porn) and Miller v. California
(obscenity). Moreover, the Court noted, the Kovner
case referenced a California case,
People v. Fixler, which involved an underage
performer, and its basis was "abandoned" in
Freeman, with the Freeman court
laying the basis for the New Hampshire's logical
conclusion that it is untenable to make the
creation of legal sexual material a crime.
"To uphold the
conviction in the instant case, where the only facts adduced
at trial were that
the defendant offered to pay two people to have sexual
intercourse while being videotaped,
would infringe upon an area of speech protected by the
State Constitution," the New
Hampshire Supreme Court concluded.
"We emphasize
that our holding is dictated by the specific charges and
unique facts of this
case. The defendant was charged with offering to pay two
individuals to engage in sexual
penetration while he videotaped them. We note that the
State did not charge the defendant
with offering to pay them to engage in sexual
contact, which would have required the State to
prove that he acted for 'the
purpose of sexual arousal or gratification' and thus engaged in
conduct that was not constitutionally protected. Thus, our holding today will not prevent the
State from continuing to prosecute prostitution, even when the acts are videotaped."
However, it would
appear that the Theriault ruling would prevent
the state from prosecuting
adult filmmakers in New Hampshire - a victory for free sexual
speech.
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1995-2008 AVN Media Network
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